Which of the following typically does NOT run as a background process?

Office applications typically do not run as background processes because they are designed primarily for user interaction and require user input to perform tasks. These applications, such as word processors or spreadsheet software, are interactive and are generally opened by the user to complete specific tasks. When in use, they run in the foreground, allowing users to view and manipulate documents directly.

In contrast, virus scanners, instant messengers, and e-mail clients can function effectively in the background. Virus scanners actively monitor system activities and files to detect and respond to potential threats without user intervention. Instant messengers often maintain connections to servers to receive and send messages instantly, even when the application is not actively in use. E-mail clients frequently check for new messages and can notify users of incoming communication without requiring the application to be open in the foreground.

This differentiates office applications from the other options, highlighting their dependency on direct user engagement and interaction.